{"id":111844,"date":"2026-01-29T13:15:30","date_gmt":"2026-01-29T10:15:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.capitalfm.co.ke\/business\/?p=111844"},"modified":"2026-01-29T13:15:34","modified_gmt":"2026-01-29T10:15:34","slug":"why-an-india-court-ruling-on-a-2018-deal-is-rattling-foreign-investors","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.capitalfm.co.ke\/business\/2026\/01\/why-an-india-court-ruling-on-a-2018-deal-is-rattling-foreign-investors\/","title":{"rendered":"Why an India court ruling on a 2018 deal is rattling foreign investors"},"content":{"rendered":"<article>\n<div class=\"sc-9cd5bb24-0 cmjZrf\" data-component=\"headline-block\">\n<div class=\"sc-cd6075cf-0 DQtHs\">\n<div class=\"sc-82b3c53b-0 gmICnp\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"sc-9cd5bb24-0 jTWPCV\" data-component=\"image-block\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"sc-9cd5bb24-0 lmzibM\" data-component=\"text-block\">\n<div class=\"sc-cd6075cf-0 DQtHs\">\n<div class=\"sc-82b3c53b-0 IAFLu\">\n<p class=\"sc-9a00e533-0 eZyhnA\"><strong>JAN 29 &#8211; Foreign investors and private equity firms operating in India are making anxious calls to advisers and lawyers after a Supreme Court ruling earlier this month strengthened the government&#8217;s hand in tax disputes.<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"sc-9cd5bb24-0 lmzibM\" data-component=\"text-block\">\n<div class=\"sc-cd6075cf-0 DQtHs\">\n<div class=\"sc-82b3c53b-0 IAFLu\">\n<p class=\"sc-9a00e533-0 eZyhnA\">On 15 January, India&#8217;s top court ruled that US investment firm Tiger Global must pay tax in India on the sale of its stake in e-commerce giant Flipkart to Walmart in 2018. The 152-page judgment overturned a 2024 Delhi high court decision that had allowed Tiger Global to claim tax relief under a decades-old India\u2013Mauritius tax treaty.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"sc-9cd5bb24-0 lmzibM\" data-component=\"text-block\">\n<div class=\"sc-cd6075cf-0 DQtHs\">\n<div class=\"sc-82b3c53b-0 IAFLu\">\n<p class=\"sc-9a00e533-0 eZyhnA\">The ruling, which could reshape how foreign investors exit their Indian investments, sets out a tougher interpretation of tax treaties. It allows authorities to deny treaty benefits if offshore investment structures are deemed to be sham entities with little commercial substance &#8211; even when investors hold valid documentation.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"sc-9cd5bb24-0 lmzibM\" data-component=\"text-block\">\n<div class=\"sc-cd6075cf-0 DQtHs\">\n<div class=\"sc-82b3c53b-0 IAFLu\">\n<p class=\"sc-9a00e533-0 eZyhnA\">The judgement gives India wide powers to scrutinise any offshore corporate deal. But experts warn it could unsettle international investors and hurt business sentiment.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"sc-9cd5bb24-0 lmzibM\" data-component=\"text-block\">\n<div class=\"sc-cd6075cf-0 DQtHs\">\n<div class=\"sc-82b3c53b-0 IAFLu\">\n<p class=\"sc-9a00e533-0 eZyhnA\">Some lawyers who wanted to remain unnamed told the BBC that their clients were worried that the ruling could lead to scrutiny of old transactions and share sales long thought to be settled.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"sc-9cd5bb24-0 lmzibM\" data-component=\"text-block\">\n<div class=\"sc-cd6075cf-0 DQtHs\">\n<div class=\"sc-82b3c53b-0 IAFLu\">\n<p class=\"sc-9a00e533-0 eZyhnA\">&#8220;The judgment opens up unjustifiable windows for tax authorities to scrutinise any offshore corporate deal,&#8221; says Ketan Dalal, managing director of Katalyst Advisors. &#8220;This can undermine policy stability and certainty, which are critical for doing business in India.&#8221;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"sc-9cd5bb24-0 lmzibM\" data-component=\"text-block\">\n<div class=\"sc-cd6075cf-0 DQtHs\">\n<div class=\"sc-82b3c53b-0 IAFLu\">\n<p class=\"sc-9a00e533-0 eZyhnA\">The Tiger Global case dates to 2018, when US retail giant Walmart bought Flipkart in one of the largest e-commerce deals of the time. Tiger Global, which invested through three Mauritius-based entities, sold its entire 17% stake for about $1.6bn (\u00a31.19bn).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"sc-9cd5bb24-0 lmzibM\" data-component=\"text-block\">\n<div class=\"sc-cd6075cf-0 DQtHs\">\n<div class=\"sc-82b3c53b-0 IAFLu\">\n<p class=\"sc-9a00e533-0 eZyhnA\">The transaction initially drew attention as a landmark foreign exit from India&#8217;s e-commerce sector &#8211; before becoming one of the country&#8217;s most closely watched tax disputes.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"sc-9cd5bb24-0 hoFfRa\" data-component=\"image-block\">\n<figure class=\"sc-cd6075cf-0 laOREU\">\n<div class=\"sc-82b3c53b-0 gmICnp\">\n<div class=\"sc-5340b511-1 cMIbKV\" data-testid=\"image\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"sc-5340b511-0 hLdNfA\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/480\/cpsprodpb\/bffc\/live\/5b1c1e30-fccd-11f0-9837-f7cf1e7b841c.jpg.webp\" alt=\"Getty Images An employee in a light purple shirt seen holding paper package with a customer's order. The package has Flipkart's blue logo on it.\" \/><span class=\"sc-5340b511-2 jVqbAn\">Getty Images<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"sc-82b3c53b-0 gmICnp\">\n<div class=\"sc-82b3c53b-0 gmICnp\"><\/div>\n<\/div><figcaption class=\"sc-536eff7b-0 gnQokQ\">The Flipkart deal made headlines for being one of the largest exits by a foreign investor in India&#8217;s e-commerce sector<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"sc-9cd5bb24-0 lmzibM\" data-component=\"text-block\">\n<div class=\"sc-cd6075cf-0 DQtHs\">\n<div class=\"sc-82b3c53b-0 IAFLu\">\n<p class=\"sc-9a00e533-0 eZyhnA\">Tiger Global argued that its gains were shielded from Indian tax because the investment was held through entities in Mauritius, invoking a long-standing tax treaty between the two countries. It relied on tax residency certificates issued by Mauritius, which had traditionally been accepted as sufficient proof to claim treaty benefits.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"sc-9cd5bb24-0 lmzibM\" data-component=\"text-block\">\n<div class=\"sc-cd6075cf-0 DQtHs\">\n<div class=\"sc-82b3c53b-0 IAFLu\">\n<p class=\"sc-9a00e533-0 eZyhnA\">Delhi had changed tax rules in 2016, making gains from the sale of Indian shares taxable even under treaties. Investments made before 1 April 2017, however, were exempted. Tiger Global said its Flipkart investments predated the change and, therefore, qualified for the exemption.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"sc-9cd5bb24-0 lmzibM\" data-component=\"text-block\">\n<div class=\"sc-cd6075cf-0 DQtHs\">\n<div class=\"sc-82b3c53b-0 IAFLu\">\n<p class=\"sc-9a00e533-0 eZyhnA\">Indian tax authorities rejected the claim and argued that the Mauritian firms served as conduits and were used only to avoid taxes, with no real business purpose.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"sc-9cd5bb24-0 lmzibM\" data-component=\"text-block\">\n<div class=\"sc-cd6075cf-0 DQtHs\">\n<div class=\"sc-82b3c53b-0 IAFLu\">\n<p class=\"sc-9a00e533-0 eZyhnA\">The Supreme Court has now sided with Indian officials, ruling that tax certificates alone do not guarantee treaty benefits and that the investment structure lacked real commercial substance. It held that foreign investors cannot rely on complex offshore set-ups when those entities don&#8217;t carry out genuine business activities of their own.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"sc-9cd5bb24-0 lmzibM\" data-component=\"text-block\">\n<div class=\"sc-cd6075cf-0 DQtHs\">\n<div class=\"sc-82b3c53b-0 IAFLu\">\n<p class=\"sc-9a00e533-0 eZyhnA\">JB Pardiwala, one of the two judges, wrote: &#8220;Taxing an income arising out of its own country is an inherent sovereign right. Any dilution of this is a threat to a nation&#8217;s long-term interest.&#8221;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"sc-9cd5bb24-0 lmzibM\" data-component=\"text-block\">\n<div class=\"sc-cd6075cf-0 DQtHs\">\n<div class=\"sc-82b3c53b-0 IAFLu\">\n<p class=\"sc-9a00e533-0 eZyhnA\">The exact tax and penalty bill for Tiger Global depends on its profit from the deal and is not yet known. Tiger Global did not respond to the BBC&#8217;s questions.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"sc-9cd5bb24-0 hoFfRa\" data-component=\"image-block\">\n<figure class=\"sc-cd6075cf-0 laOREU\">\n<div class=\"sc-82b3c53b-0 gmICnp\">\n<div class=\"sc-5340b511-1 cMIbKV\" data-testid=\"image\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"sc-5340b511-0 hLdNfA\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/480\/cpsprodpb\/10c5\/live\/11aa1330-f6a9-11f0-a917-d3d793525367.jpg.webp\" alt=\"Getty Images A pedestrian wearing a yellow shirt and blue jeans uses his mobile phone outside a Vodafone store in Mumbai\" \/><span class=\"sc-5340b511-2 jVqbAn\">Getty Images<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"sc-82b3c53b-0 gmICnp\">\n<div class=\"sc-82b3c53b-0 gmICnp\"><\/div>\n<\/div><figcaption class=\"sc-536eff7b-0 gnQokQ\">India and British telecom giant Vodafone fought for years over whether cross-border deals could be taxed<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"sc-9cd5bb24-0 lmzibM\" data-component=\"text-block\">\n<div class=\"sc-cd6075cf-0 DQtHs\">\n<div class=\"sc-82b3c53b-0 IAFLu\">\n<p class=\"sc-9a00e533-0 eZyhnA\">The ruling has raised concerns around future sales of investments for private equity funds or foreign direct investment routed through the island nation.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"sc-9cd5bb24-0 lmzibM\" data-component=\"text-block\">\n<div class=\"sc-cd6075cf-0 DQtHs\">\n<div class=\"sc-82b3c53b-0 IAFLu\">\n<p class=\"sc-9a00e533-0 eZyhnA\">It also has wider ramifications since India and Mauritius signed a protocol in 2024 amending their tax treaty to benefit only companies with legetimate businesses and not shell companies set up to avoid tax, says Fereshte Sethna, a tax lawyer and senior partner at DMD Advocates. The protocol has yet to come into force and will apply to future deals.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"sc-9cd5bb24-0 lmzibM\" data-component=\"text-block\">\n<div class=\"sc-cd6075cf-0 DQtHs\">\n<div class=\"sc-82b3c53b-0 IAFLu\">\n<p class=\"sc-9a00e533-0 eZyhnA\">India had long tried to attract foreign capital by encouraging<b id=\"\" class=\"sc-d16436d-0 gnUCoQ\">\u00a0<\/b>investments from companies with structures in countries<b id=\"\" class=\"sc-d16436d-0 gnUCoQ\">\u00a0<\/b>such as Mauritius, Singapore and the Netherlands, signing treaties to help investors avoid paying taxes twice.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"sc-9cd5bb24-0 lmzibM\" data-component=\"text-block\">\n<div class=\"sc-cd6075cf-0 DQtHs\">\n<div class=\"sc-82b3c53b-0 IAFLu\">\n<p class=\"sc-9a00e533-0 eZyhnA\">It worked. Between 2000 and March 2025, Mauritius alone accounted for about $180bn (\u00a3133.9bn), nearly a quarter of all foreign direct investment into India, according to official figures.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"sc-9cd5bb24-0 lmzibM\" data-component=\"text-block\">\n<div class=\"sc-cd6075cf-0 DQtHs\">\n<div class=\"sc-82b3c53b-0 IAFLu\">\n<p class=\"sc-9a00e533-0 eZyhnA\">But concerns over misuse of treaties to evade tax and litigations have persisted for years. The debate intensified after the\u00a0<a class=\"sc-f9178328-0 iCaRzc\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-latin-america-35967590\" target=\"_self\">Panama Papers<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0<a class=\"sc-f9178328-0 iCaRzc\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-41880153\" target=\"_self\">Paradise Papers<\/a>\u00a0leaks which showed how rich individuals and multinationals used tax havens to protect their wealth from higher taxes.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"sc-9cd5bb24-0 lmzibM\" data-component=\"text-block\">\n<div class=\"sc-cd6075cf-0 DQtHs\">\n<div class=\"sc-82b3c53b-0 IAFLu\">\n<p class=\"sc-9a00e533-0 eZyhnA\">It prompted India to tighten tax laws from 2016. The recent Supreme Court ruling further strengthens the tax authority&#8217;s hand if it can prove that companies have set up<b id=\"\" class=\"sc-d16436d-0 gnUCoQ\">\u00a0<\/b>offshore entities only to avoid tax.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"sc-9cd5bb24-0 lmzibM\" data-component=\"text-block\">\n<div class=\"sc-cd6075cf-0 DQtHs\">\n<div class=\"sc-82b3c53b-0 IAFLu\">\n<p class=\"sc-9a00e533-0 eZyhnA\">While tax experts say the court has applied the law as it is written, they warn it creates new uncertainty. It challenges the government&#8217;s earlier promises to safeguard pre-2017 deals routed through places like Mauritius<b id=\".\" class=\"sc-d16436d-0 gnUCoQ\">.<\/b><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"sc-9cd5bb24-0 lmzibM\" data-component=\"text-block\">\n<div class=\"sc-cd6075cf-0 DQtHs\">\n<div class=\"sc-82b3c53b-0 IAFLu\">\n<p class=\"sc-9a00e533-0 eZyhnA\">The core issue is the credibility of a sovereign&#8217;s commitments and trust in its tax regime, Dalal says.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"sc-9cd5bb24-0 lmzibM\" data-component=\"text-block\">\n<div class=\"sc-cd6075cf-0 DQtHs\">\n<div class=\"sc-82b3c53b-0 IAFLu\">\n<p class=\"sc-9a00e533-0 eZyhnA\">If the government promised protection for investments made before 2017, then this ruling could be seen as undoing that promise, says Sethna, who appeared on behalf of Vodafone in India&#8217;s longest-running tax litigations in the past decade.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"sc-9cd5bb24-0 lmzibM\" data-component=\"text-block\">\n<div class=\"sc-cd6075cf-0 DQtHs\">\n<div class=\"sc-82b3c53b-0 IAFLu\">\n<p class=\"sc-9a00e533-0 eZyhnA\">India&#8217;s battle with the British telecom giant over a $2bn tax claim lasted years and ultimately reshaped how the country taxes cross-border transactions, even prompting a controversial retrospective tax change. Vodafone eventually won the dispute.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"sc-9cd5bb24-0 lmzibM\" data-component=\"text-block\">\n<div class=\"sc-cd6075cf-0 DQtHs\">\n<div class=\"sc-82b3c53b-0 IAFLu\">\n<p class=\"sc-9a00e533-0 eZyhnA\">A lawyer currently advising some private equity sales told the BBC that after the Tiger Global ruling, all deal valuations and calculations will have to be redone in case they are scrutinised by tax authorities. Due diligence and paperwork will increase. &#8220;All pre-2017 investments they thought would not attract tax are now at high risk of scrutiny,&#8221; he says, declining to be named owing to the sensitivity of his clients.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"sc-9cd5bb24-0 lmzibM\" data-component=\"text-block\">\n<div class=\"sc-cd6075cf-0 DQtHs\">\n<div class=\"sc-82b3c53b-0 IAFLu\">\n<p class=\"sc-9a00e533-0 eZyhnA\">Tax advisers say the ruling has shaken confidence. Amit Maheshwari, a tax partner at AKM Global, a consulting firm with a focus on cross-border transactions, says firms advised clients based on the law of the land at the time, but now see settled positions being reopened years later. He warns this reversal creates deep uncertainty.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"sc-9cd5bb24-0 lmzibM\" data-component=\"text-block\">\n<div class=\"sc-cd6075cf-0 DQtHs\">\n<div class=\"sc-82b3c53b-0 IAFLu\">\n<p class=\"sc-9a00e533-0 eZyhnA\">India has long been a top destination for investors, looking to gain from its fast-growing consumer base, but it has also faced criticism for policy shifts and drawn-out tax battles.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"sc-9cd5bb24-0 lmzibM\" data-component=\"text-block\">\n<div class=\"sc-cd6075cf-0 DQtHs\">\n<div class=\"sc-82b3c53b-0 IAFLu\">\n<p class=\"sc-9a00e533-0 eZyhnA\">Analysts worry the new ruling could further slow money coming into the country as investors reassess how they invest and which routes are still safe &#8211; at a time when global trade tensions and geopolitical risks are already weakening on fund flows.<\/p>\n<p><strong>By BBC<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/article>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>JAN 29 &#8211; Foreign investors and private equity firms operating in India are making anxious calls to advisers and lawyers after a Supreme Court ruling earlier this month strengthened the government&#8217;s hand in tax disputes. On 15 January, India&#8217;s top court ruled that US investment firm Tiger Global must pay tax in India on the [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":13285,"featured_media":26302,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[3],"tags":[78,4983,25987,25988,22373],"coauthors":[701],"class_list":["post-111844","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-world","tag-deal","tag-foreign-investors","tag-india-court","tag-rattling","tag-ruling"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v25.7.1 (Yoast SEO v27.5) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Why an India court ruling on a 2018 deal is rattling foreign investors - Capital Business<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"JAN 29 - Foreign investors and private equity firms operating in India are making anxious calls 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